Recycling

Textile recovery infrastructure in the United States is expanding, but remains uneven in scale and capability. Garment quality has declined, fibre complexity has increased, and industry-wide standardisation remains limited across the value chain—widening the gap between circularity ambition and material reality that recycling technology alone cannot close.

The United States generates roughly 17 million tonnes of textile waste each year. Approximately 85% of it ends in landfill or incineration. Extended Producer Responsibility legislation is now moving through California and several other states, with the EU tightening its own parallel framework simultaneously. The ambition is clear. What remains unclear is whether the collection infrastructure, sorting capacity, and economic incentives required to deliver on it exist in any coherent form.

A redesigned fusion enzyme accelerated PET breakdown under industrial conditions, marking a step forward in polyester textile recycling. The study showed that performance depended on matching enzyme design with plastic preparation, with reduced crystallinity enabling more efficient depolymerisation in otherwise resistant textile materials.

Blended textiles have long resisted viable recycling pathways, limiting circularity ambitions across the apparel sector. Toby Moss Chief Commercial Officer of Worn Again Technologies discusses how an operational accelerator plant marks a transition from controlled experimentation to industrial validation, while exposing the economic, material, and system-level challenges that must be resolved for textile-to-fibre recycling to scale.

The United States generates 17 million tonnes of textile waste annually, and the policy frameworks designed to address it are arriving faster than the infrastructure built to support them. California's SB 707 requires textile stewardship plans to be operational by 2030, yet the recovery network it depends on remains anchored in international reuse trade that the law was not designed to protect—and may inadvertently disrupt.

California’s attempt to build a large-scale textile recovery system is unfolding with limited precedents and incomplete data. Julie Cerenzia, Director at Cascadia Consulting, explains how the modelling behind the SB 707 debate draws on international comparisons, industry assumptions and evolving market realities to estimate the environmental and economic potential of diverting textile waste.

Textile waste in the United States remains largely invisible within municipal systems, even as millions of tonnes of clothing are discarded every year. Mattias Wallander, CEO of USAgain, argues that the challenge is not technological but structural, rooted in fragmented local regulation, constrained collection networks and the economics of scaling recovery infrastructure.

Each year, Californians discard approximately 1.2 million tonnes of textiles, costing local governments an estimated $99 million in landfill fees. A new state law, SB 707, shifts that cost directly to producers through a mandatory extended producer responsibility framework—the first of its kind for apparel in the United States. Research from USAgain and Cascadia Consulting Group examines what it will take to make the system function.

The economic case for textile recycling in India is no longer speculative. With a market projected to reach $3.5 billion by 2030 and the potential to create nearly one lakh green jobs, discarded fabric is increasingly being treated as recoverable capital. But a new government-commissioned report reveals that the systems required to actually capture that value remain underdeveloped, informal, and unevenly distributed across the country.

Worn Again Technologies has unveiled a Textile to Fibre Accelerator plant in Winterthur, Switzerland, marking a major step toward commercialising its chemical recycling process for polycotton textiles. The facility demonstrates recovery of polyester and cellulose from end-of-life garments and enables industrial-scale testing as the company advances toward planned commercial textile recycling production.